2A+Chemistry

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=Macroscopic properties of matter =


 * describe the characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
 * distinguish between pure substances, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.

**Kinetic Theory **

 * use the Kinetic Theory of Matter to explain: relationship between heat and temperature, change of phase, vapour pressure and factors that affect vapour pressure, effect on gases of changes in pressure, temperature and volume, the characteristics of gases
 * predict the effect on gases of changes in pressure, temperature and volume (qualitative only)
 * explain the boiling point of a liquid.

**Solutions **

 * identify, explain and give examples of saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions
 * apply solubility rules to predict if a precipitate will form when two dilute ionic solutions are mixed
 * use the colour of ions to identify reactants and the products in chemical processes
 * explain colligative properties including the effect of concentration on vapour pressure, melting point and boiling point of a solution
 * describe the characteristics of strong electrolytes and give examples including ionic compounds and strong acids
 * describe the characteristics of weak electrolytes and give examples including weak acids and bases
 * describe the characteristics of non-electrolytes and give examples including water and hydrocarbons
 * explain the differences between concentrated and dilute solutions of strong and weak electrolytes.

=<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">Atomic structure and bonding =

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Atomic structure and Periodic Table **

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">compare the relative charge and relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">identify elements using their atomic number (Z)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain isotopes using their atomic number (Z) and mass number (A)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">use the energy level or shell model of electron structure to write the electron configurations for the first twenty elements
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain the relationship between position on the Periodic Table and number of valence electrons of elements in groups 1, 2 and 13–18
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain the relationship between the number of valence electrons and chemical properties of elements in groups 1, 2 and 13–18
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain the formation of positive and negative ions for elements in groups 1, 2 and 13–18.

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Bonding **

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe and explain the formation and characteristics of: ionic bonds and ionic substances, metallic bonds and metallic substances, covalent bonds, covalent network and molecular substances
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe and explain the relationships between properties and structures of ionic, metallic, covalent network and covalent molecular substances
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">draw representations of molecular and ionic substances using electron dot (octet only) or Lewis structure diagrams (excluding polyatomic ions).

=<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">Chemical reactions =

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Reactions, equations and stoichiometry **

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">write and interpret formulae of elements and compounds
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">write equations for simple chemical reactions using state symbols where appropriate.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">write the molecular formulae of commonly encountered molecules that have non-systematic names including NH3, H2O, H2O2, CH3COOH, HCl, HNO3, H2CO3, H2SO4, H2SO3, H3PO4
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain conservation of mass, atoms and charge during a chemical reaction
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">use molar volume of gases at STP in calculations involving the evolution of gases
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">perform simple calculations: molar mass, mole to mole, mass to mole, mass to mass, mass to volume (gases at STP), volume to volume, concentration calculations (mol L-1, g L-1), percentage composition by mass
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">perform stoichiometric problems that interrelate mass, molar mass, number of moles of solute, and concentration and volume of solution.

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Energy effects **

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">use the Law of Conservation of Energy to explain endothermic and exothermic reactions
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">apply the concepts of system and surroundings to energy transfer
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain enthalpy (H) in terms of stored chemical energy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of bond breaking and bond making
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">interpret and explain enthalpy diagrams and equations that include the heat lost or gained (ΔH).

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">Reaction rates **

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe the rate of a reaction in terms of rate of change of a measurable quantity with time
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">identify and apply the factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, catalysts, temperature, state of sub-division
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">apply the collision theory to explain the factors affecting rates of reaction
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">draw and interpret energy profile diagrams to show the transition state, activation energy, uncatalysed and catalysed pathways and the heat of reaction
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain the relationship between collision theory, kinetic energy distribution graphs and the rate of a reaction.

=<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">Applied chemistry =


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe and give examples of chemicals and their uses in and around the home including vinegar, bleach, ammonia solution and caustic soda
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">explain concentration units used in household mixtures (g 100g-1, mL L-1, g L-1, percentage composition by mass)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe the relationships between properties and uses of ionic, metallic, covalent network and covalent molecular substances found in and around the home including NaCl, NaHCO3, steel, Al, graphite, SiO2, Cu, H2O and CO2
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe and explain common examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions and processes in and around the home including combustion, hot packs, cold packs, change of phase
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">describe and explain examples where rates of reaction have been altered in and around the home
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">write the chemical formulae for molecular compounds based on the number of atoms of each element present as inferred from the systematic names
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">investigate real world problems in a laboratory setting with appropriate teacher direction, considering: sources of uncertainty in experimental measurements, selection of the appropriate units of measurement of quantities such as volume and time
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%;">investigate a biological, environmental or industrial process applicable to a chosen context e.g. chemicals in the garden, kitchen chemistry or chemistry of cleaning. Include: a description of the chosen process, an explanation of relationships between the chosen process and chemical models and theories, where appropriate: safe handling and disposal of any materials or specific chemicals involved in the process, discussion of sustainability of the process.