Practical+Chemistry

=Analytical=

Soluble in Water:

 * **All Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides** - except those of silver, mercury, copper, and lead. lead chloride is soluble in hot water but crystallises out when the solution is cooled. The bromide behaves similarly, but lead iodide is only very sparingly soluble even in hot water.
 * **All Sulfates -** except those of barium and strontium. the sulfates of calcium and lead are only very sparingly soluble.
 * **All Nitrates**
 * **All Chlorates**

Insoluble in Water:

 * **All Carbonates -** except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium, the hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates) of calcium, strontium, barium, iron, magnesium and manganese are soluble.
 * **All Phosphates** - except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium.
 * **All Oxalates** - except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium.
 * **All Fluorides** - except those of sodium, potassium, ammonium, silver and mercury.
 * **All Sulfides** - except those of sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, strontium and barium.
 * **All Silicates** - except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium.
 * **All Oxides** - except those of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium and barium.
 * **All Hydroxides** - except those of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium and barium. The hydroxides of the latter three metals are very sparingly soluble in water. Ammonium hydroxide is soluble in water, but does not exist in the solid state.

Identification of Gases

 * Gas || Colour || Smell || Action on Litmus || Tests ||
 * Acetic Acid || Colourless || Vinegar || Acidic ||  ||
 * Ammonia || Colourless || Pungent || Alkaline || Forms thick white fumes when brought into contact with HCl gas. ||
 * Chlorine || Green || Choking || Bleaches || Starch-iodide paper turns blue. ||
 * Carbon Dioxide || Colourless || None || Slightly acidic || Turns lime-water milky when bubbled through. ||
 * Carbon Monoxide || Colourless || None || Neutral || Burns with a pale blue flame. ||
 * Hydrogen || Colourless || None if pure || Neutral || Burns and usually ignites with a characteristic explosive "pop". ||
 * Hydrogen Bromide || White fumes in moist air; but turning brown. || Choking || Acidic ||  ||
 * Hydrogen Chloride || White fumes in moist air. || Very "sharp" || Acidic ||  ||
 * Hydrogen Cyanide || Colourless || Bitter almonds || Slightly acidic || Burns with a pale blue flame. ||
 * Hydrogen Sulfide || Colourless || Very characteristic (bad eggs) || Slightly acidic || * Burns with a blue flame and forms sulfur dioxide.
 * A piece of filter paper soaked in a solution of lead acetate is blackened. ||
 * Iodide vapour || Violet || Choking || Neutral ||  ||
 * Oxygen || Colourless || None || Neutral || Will re-ignite a glowing splint. ||
 * Sulfur Dioxide || Colourless || Very characteristic (burning sulfur) || Acidic || * It destroys the colour of a solution of potassium permanganate
 * The colour of a solution of potassium dichromate is change from orange to green. ||


 * Cation || Flame Test |||| Dilute Solution NaOH ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || Drops || Excess ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Al ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Pb2+ || White or "Steely" Blue ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Pb4+ || White or "Steely" Blue ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Mg ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Zn ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Mn ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Ni ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Cr ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Fe2+ ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Fe3+ ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Ag ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Hg ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Cu+ ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Cu2+ ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Ba || Apple Green ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Ca || Red ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Na || Dazzling Yellow ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * NH4 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||